![]() (2015) reported that increases in temperature and pH could lead to silage decay significantly after silage was exposed to air. This contamination is worse during the aerobic exposure period than during other stages. However, silage can be contaminated with biological and chemical hazards from inherent mycotoxins and accidental fungi when there is a lack of standardized manufacturing and processing, storage or transport ( Ghilardelli et al., 2022). Silage plays an important role in the global agricultural and agri-food industries, ensuring a constantly nutritious supply for ruminants, especially whole-plant corn silage (WPCS), which is used in ruminant feeding as an important source of a high energy content and digestible fiber ( Khan et al., 2015 Gheller et al., 2021). To prevent the negative effects associated with livestock products, it is suggested that feed safety should be considered a prerequisite in developing a farm-to-fork food safety program for animal source foods ( FAO, 2019). However, these products are easily spoiled by many factors, such as zoonotic diseases, mycotoxins and undesired microorganisms. Livestock products such as meat, milk, and eggs represent a considerable source of animal protein for human food ( Cai et al., 2021). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are approximately 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths worldwide caused by 31 foodborne hazards annually ( World Health Organization, 2015). Considering the feed value and food safety of silage in the feeding process, silage bags are recommended for WPCS according to the observed nutritional quality, fermentation index and mycotoxin content.įood safety has received increasing international attention in public regulation, private supply chain coordination, and international trade in recent years ( Unnevehr, 2015). Lactobacillus was positively correlated with Kazachstania and Candida abundances ( p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with Fusarium abundance ( p < 0.05). Acetobacter was positively correlated with pH, acetic acid content, and ammonia-N content ( p < 0.05). ![]() However, Lactobacillus still dominated the bacterial community in SB group. Acetobacter became the dominant bacteria in BS and RB groups after 5 days of exposure. The concentrations of aflatoxin B1, trichothecenes and fumonisin B1 were significantly lower in SB after 9 days of exposure ( p < 0.05). ![]() The SB group showed the longest aerobic stability (202 h) among all silages ( p < 0.05). ![]() SB group conserved higher lactic acid and dry matter contents and a lower pH value than other groups after 9 days of exposure ( p < 0.05). After 90 days of fermentation, silages were opened and sampled at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of exposure. The study assessed the effects of bunker silos (BS), round bales (RB), and silage bags (SB) on the nutritional characteristics, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, mycotoxin levels and microbial communities of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). Matthew brings energy and heart to his live performances through an array of original, American folk, bluegrass, and traditional Irish music.Silage can be contaminated with mycotoxins and accidental fungi after aerobic exposure. Living today in Buffalo, NY his songwriting takes on themes of the human condition and paints vivid scenes that harken back to his home in the country. Matthew Blue is a songwriter, guitarist, and banjo player born and raised in the heart of New York State's Finger Lakes region. Charlie is an awardee of the Irish Echo Arts and Culture Award in April of 2023. He has also played many breweries, bars, festivals, private events, and fundraisers. As the violinist of Crikwater and The Brothers Blue, Charlie has been playing in the Buffalo area for more than 12 years. He has performed on stages from Buffalo to New York, Baltimore, and more. Two Duende favorites together on Thursday, October 5th from 6-8pm! Come down for some fun with Charlie Coughlin and Matthew Blue.īorn in Buffalo's Irish heritage district, Charlie Coughlin brings a unique blend of Irish and American tunes, folk songs, and new music sensibility to form his own form of Indie New-Wave Trad.
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